2.2.5 Bond Polarity
Unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity differences.
Electronegativity Difference (Δχ)
When two atoms bond, the atom with higher electronegativity attracts the shared electrons more strongly, acquiring a partial negative charge (δ⁻).
Non-Polar Covalent
Equal sharing
Δχ 0.0 - 0.4
Polar Covalent
Unequal sharing (Dipole)
Δχ 0.5 - 1.7
Ionic
Electron transfer
Δχ > 1.8